This research was conducted to investigate on spatial structure and estimation of tree attributes in a FOREST PLANTATION in the Caspian region of Iran. Field sampling was performed based on a 50m×125m systematic grid in a maple stand (Acer velutinum Boiss.) at age of 18 years using circular samples of 200m2 area. Overall, 96 sample plots were measured in 63 hectare and 14.25 hectare was inventoried as full census area, as well. Experimental variograms for FOREST stem basal area, stem density and tree height attributes were calculated and plotted using the geo-referenced inventory plots. The calculated variograms of basal area and height showed a high spatial autocorrelation, which fitted by spherical models. However, stem density showed a large amount of nugget effect. Based on variography results, optimal sampling distance for stem basal area and density obtained 165m and 350m, respectively. Estimations for basal area and height were made by ordinary block (15m×15m) kriging and cross-validation results showed that all the estimations are accurate. Furthermore, the estimated kriged mean of basal area showed no significant difference to the real mean in the full census area, while kriging in term of statistical precision was two times better than sampling. Therefore, geostatistics is able to capture and describe the spatial variability as well as estimates tree attributes (not stem density) in this kind of FOREST PLANTATION, accurately.

The aim of the study was to develop FOREST PLANTATION at appropriate sites of Bushehr province for environmental purposes and to extend olive PLANTATION on marginal lands for economical purposes and to improve local people livelihood. For this reason 12 varieties of Olea europaea including Arbakin, Zard zeitoon, Roghani Roodbari, Mari, Mishen, Lichio, Lemski, Shengeh, Sabz Zeitoon, Sevilana, Beledi and Manzalina were planted on a site located in Chahvak Agricultural Experimental Station in 1997 under statistical design of Randomized Complete Blocks with three replicates and 7 x 8 m. spacing and 10 seedlings per plot. The variance analysis and Duncan test were applied to analyze the data. The data analysis showed that there was significant difference (p<0.05) between the olive varieties in respect to total height, survival, fruiting percentage and Crown cover area. According to Duncan test, the results are as follows: - Survival: The greatest values belonged to Lemski, sabz Zeitoon, Sevilana, Lichio and Roghani varieties (100 %) and the lowest value belonged to Beledi variety (60 %).- Crown cover area: The highest values belonged to Sevilana and Roghani Roodbari varieties (10.6 and 9.8 m2, respectively) and the lowest value belonged to Shengeh variety (4.6 m2).- Fruiting: The greatest values belonged to Shengeh and Mishen varieties (97.5 and 57.8 %, respectively) and the lowest values belonged to Sabz zeitoon, Lemski and Manzalina varieties (2.5, 2.5 and 5 %, respectively).- Total height: The highest values belonged to Roghani and Sevilana varieties (3.3 and 3.2 m., respectively) and the lowest value belonged to Shengeh variety (2.3 m.).

FOREST ecosystems and their optimal management can play effective roles in mitigating the carbon emission as well as absorbing the atmospheric carbon. The present research was carried out to determine the effects of 21 year old stands of Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus taeda, Acer pseudo-platanu and mixed PLANTATION and natural FOREST stands on sequestration of carbon in the soil of Chamestan PLANTATION area. The results showed that the difference of carbon in pure, mixed and natural stands, in different layers are statistically significant. Moreover, there are not any significant correlations between the acidity of the soil, nitrogen, salinity and phosphorus and carbon sequestration. For the total layers of the soil (0-45 cm), the rate of carbon sequestration in natural stands (108 ton/ha) was significantly higher than other stands (P<0.01). The results of stepwise regression showed that nitrogen percentage and C/N ratio were the most important factors affecting the soil organic carbon content. Overall, it can be concluded that programs of land restoration can be followed in terms of carbon sequestration through the identification of plant species with high potential for carbon sequestration and also evaluation of effective management factors.

In this experiment 29 genotypes of walnut (Juglans regia) were studied, based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) and four replicates. The experiment was conducted in Rikhalan Experimental Station of Marivan.City through three years (1996 - 1998). The results showed that there were significant differences between the walnut genotypes for survival percentage, height and collar diameter performances. The highest value of the three seedling performances belonged to the following walnut genotypes: Survival: J-19 with 50.75 percent. Height: J-1Oand J-19 with 35.52 and 34.87 cm, respectively.Collar diameter: J-14, J-19, J-4 and J-1Owith 6.52, 6.47, 6.3 and 6.2 mm, respectively. According to Cluster Analysis Statistical Method, J-19, J-10 and J-14 were the most successful genotypes in view point of the three seedling performances.The above genotypes were introduced to the second phase of the trial, which aims to investigate the survival and growth of the genotypes at FOREST PLANTATION scale.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Efforts to enhance carbon stocks and boost carbon absorption potential are essential for climate change mitigation. Peatland ecosystems, known for their high organic content, are particularly vulnerable to environmental management. The study aimed to examine the alterations in land use and land cover that occurred between 1998 and 2022, spanning a 24-year duration. Additionally, it sought to assess the associated variations in carbon stocks within the designated Kepau Jaya specific purpose FOREST area. The area under investigation encompasses a peatland ecosystem that has experienced substantial changes in land cover and land use. This study investigated the fluctuations in carbon stock caused by these alterations and provides valuable perspectives on the potential of agroFORESTry systems to promote a wider range of land uses. Additionally, it highlights their role in ecosystem restoration initiatives and the better management of FOREST peatland regions.METHODS: A spatial analysis was conducted on Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images by using shapefile data stored within the Google Earth Engine platform. Data analysis was carried out using Classification and Regression Tree, a decision tree algorithm used in machine learning for guided classification. Furthermore, purposive sampling was utilized to gather socioeconomic data, followed by the implementation of a benefit-cost analysis.FINDINGS: The results revealed significant changes in the land cover within the Kepau Jaya specific purpose FOREST area over a 24-year period, with FORESTed areas and open areas decreasing by 23.15 hectares per year and 16.94 hectares per year respectively, and oil palm PLANTATION areas expanding by 40.10 hectares per year. From 1998 to 2022, there has been a consistent annual decline in carbon stocks, resulting in a reduction of 1,933.11 tons of carbon per year. The changes in land use and cover are closely linked to this decline. In an effort to increase plant species diversity in the area and support the gradual transition away from monoculture, a participatory agroFORESTry scheme was implemented by intercropping Coffea liberica and Shorea balangeran between oil palm rows in a 2-hectare oil palm PLANTATION block within the agroFORESTry demonstration plot. According to measurements taken at breast height, the aboveground biomass of these species was measured, leading to projected estimates of carbon stocks in Kepau Jaya specific purpose FOREST area reaching 19,455 tonnes of carbon by the year 2030, with Coffea liberica contributing 4,148 tonnes carbon and Shorea balangeran contributing 15,307 tonnes carbon. CONCLUSION: The study area experienced a substantial reduction in FOREST cover, whereas the extent of oil palm areas expanded significantly. The findings underscore the need for proactive measures to strengthen the governance of specific-purpose FOREST areas through community empowerment and the establishment of demonstration plots to promote agroFORESTry development. The results of this study provide insights for long-term FOREST rehabilitation strategies aimed at fostering sustainable FOREST management that yields environmental and socio-economic benefits in the long run.

The method employed in this study was based on experimental research and field study. In this method, the stored radiocesium of the FOREST region which was supposed to be converted into Poplar PLANTATION has been compared with the stored radiocesium of the reference region. 11 core samples were taken from reference region and then 7 core samples were selected from the transect which was a part of Poplar PLANTATION that were taken by topographic characteristics in a depth of 25 centimeters, Having prepared the core samples according to the IAEA, they were packaged into the special Gama spectrometer containers. After that the amount of radiocesium of all samples has been measured by Bq kg-1 scale. The findings revealed that the amount of radiocesium in reference region was computed as 5894.1. Bq m-2 y-1. In the present study, soil loss rate during transect was estimated using proportional conversion models and mass balance I and II of 18.70, 22.72 and 18.64 ton / ha, respectively. These values were obtained for slope of 10-20%, canopy cover of 25% and clay loam soil under 1000 mm precipitation. This study recommended mass balance model II for estimation of erosion in changed land use areas and concluded that FOREST land use change to PLANTATION due to reduction of long soil cover and PLANTATION management by removing other seedlings and herbaceous cover increased the rate of soil erosion occurs. This process for many years has caused the erosion rate to exceed and has caused the loss of 0.1 cm of soil per year.

This study was conducted for suitable time planatation of oak (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. M. Subsp. Castaneifolia Browicz & Menitsky 1971 ) in Shafaroud region of western Gilan FOREST area .The height of this region is about 350 meters above sea level lower zone ,and evaluated throught random block method. Treatments were done in Dec, jan, Feb-Mar, Apri and to store Mar months PLANTATION. The period for This study was 15 years, and in each plot we used 100 repeatation in a distance I x I samples treatments total 1800 nerses plantated. End of growth period in each year, annual survival and height of 36 samples median measured. Results of first five year were analysed by. The results did not show any significant difference between the treatmeants and blocks height samples. With principle technical PLANTATION after samples seasonal growth in the nerse in December until median April we can PLANTATION with oak %80 success survival, lower zone habited planted.

Background and Objectives: Regarding to the destruction process of natural FORESTs, increasing human population and increasing demand for ecosystem services, the FOREST development and the FORESTry will be unavoidable. FORESTry projects have grown in recent years due to environmental and socioeconomic importance and have been raised as a developmental activity and development internationally. Therefore, before any implementation of the FORESTry project, it should be possible to locate the susceptible areas and evaluate the ecological capability of the area. In recent years, using of multi-criteria evaluation methods has been expanded and hierarchical and network analysis have been more widely considered. The network analysis process, while maintaining all the capabilities of AHP, can address its serious constraints, including not considering the interdependencies between decision elements and assuming that the relationship between decision elements is hierarchical and one-sided, and the appropriate framework for analyzing various issues. Therefore, ANP is a suitable method for discussing multi-criteria decision-making. This research was conducted for evaluation of ecological ability of Arangeh drainage basin located in Alborz province. ANP and geographical information system have been used in order to evaluate the FORESTation ability in the area. Materials and Methods: According to previous studies and experts opinion, the indexes that were suitable for the area’ s condition, were specified and after establishing of network, the questionnaires were distributed among experts and they compared the clusters and effective factors in FORESTry in a pair and scored by help of comparison and evaluation of the effective options in evaluating the power of FORESTry, it is done through questionnaire and the final weight of options calculated by the super matrix limit it was determined through Super Decision software. Nine sub-criteria related to these clusters have been provided that includes slope, elevation, aspect, soil texture, erosion, temperature, rainfall, cover and types of vegetation in the environment of the geographical information systems with a certain clarification. Comparison and evaluation of effective options in evaluation of ecological ability for FORESTation by questionnaire and the final weight of options by calculating limited supermatrix is fulfilled in every questionnaire. The map of criteria has been standardized in the fuzzy range of 0-255 by using IDRISI software, then the options are converted to information layers and the weight-carrying layers of indexes in the geographical information systems of area are assimilated by WLC technic. Results: The final plans of FORESTry ability of the area are obtained in four classes. The results of evaluation indicate that 4. 6 percent has high proportion, 13. 9 percent has average proportion; 19. 2 percent has low and 962. 1 percent have a very low proportion for FOREST development. Results of this study indicate that the elevation criteria has the highest and erosion criteria has the least impact to determine the appropriate areas for FORESTry in the studied areas. Conclusion: Although considering the acquired results in this study and according to potential map of the region, FORESTry in Arangeh watershed is possible and the FOREST development has a proper to mediocre potential in 18. 5 percent of the total area. The western parts of the center are in the region of Arenghe as a priority for FORESTry, and it's advisable to check other uses for parts of the area that show inappropriate and highly inappropriate potential.

Almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill) D. A. Webb.) is a cultivated tree, which can be used as a multipurpose tree for FOREST PLANTATION on degraded lands of natural resources. In this research project, 23 genotypes of almond were collected from different sites of Arak province of Iran and sown in Arak Natural Resources Experimental Station nursery, 50 km west of Arak. After two years, the seedlings of 14 genotypes, which were selected as elite genotypes within the 23 genotypes, were planted on a virgin site at the station under rainfed condition and under the statistical design of Randomized Complete Blocks. The results showed that the genotype G3 with average height of 116.3cm and the genotypes G9 and G11 with average height of 59.5 and 64.3cm, respectively obtained the tallest and the shortest height, respectively. According to diameter data analysis, the genotypes G3 and G14 with average diameter of 24.97 and 10mm, respectively had the greatest and the lowest diameter, respectively. The diameter growth of the genotypes G2, G4 and G5 was interesting. According to survival data analysis, the genotype GI with average survival of 79.8% and the genotypes G7, G10 and G11 with average survival of 46.7%, 49% and 48.3%, respectively had the lowest and the greatest mortality, respectively. In addition, the genotypes G5, G4 and G6with average survival of 73.3, 71.8 and 70.8 percent, respectively had the lowest mortality in comparison to the other genotypes rather than the genotype G1. The following seven genotypes are recommended for FOREST PLANTATION under rainfed condition or limited irrigation at severe drought periods, on marginal lands of Markazi province of Iran where are ecologically similar to the Experimental Station of Arak (321 mm mean annual rainfall, 1800 m. above sea level altitude, 13.2 Co mean daily temperature, cold-semi arid according to the modified DeMartin Climate Classification System and deep clay sandy loam soil type):Genotypes G1, G5 and G6with Arak seed originGenotypes G2, G3 and G7with Khomain seed originGenotype G4 with Deligan seed origin

This study was conducted to determine the increment and wood production of 22-year-old cypress PLANTATION in Kordkuy region in the north of Iran. Thirty sample plots, each 200m2 area were selected at 101 ha of Cypress man-made FOREST which was planted in 2m×2m spacing. The samples were taken by systematic random method. In each sample plot, diameter at breast height (DBH) of whole trees and height of witness trees were measured. Moreover, 53 trees were selected as sample trees based on classified diameter in sample plots and felled trees. The data were analyzed with SPSS and Excel softwares. Results showed that the survival rate was 58.72%. The quantitative parameters were calculated and revealed that mean DBH, mean height, basal area, volume and annual volume increment were 15.2cm, 14.02m, 24.35cm2 ha-1, 157.31 silve and 7.15 silve ha-1 y-1, respectively. Results showed the studied PLANTATION compare to Cypress PLANTATIONs in other parts of the country is promising.